Article Biology Life Sciences and Basic Medicine

Pilot study on changes in frontal oxygenated hemoglobin levels in beginners during practice of Karate Forms

by Kiyohisa Natsume - August 12, 2025

Karate exhibits characteristics of several movement forms. This study investigated and compared cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (∆oxyHb) levels, an indicator of brain activity, during form performances in Karate beginners. Significant increases in ∆oxyHb levels in the frontal region of the brain were observed during the performance of Karate Forms A, B, and C, as well as a radio exercise. Increases during Forms A and B were significantly greater than those during Form C and radio exercise. Rated perceived exertion (RPE) increased from Karate Forms A to C, with radio exercise exhibiting the lowest RPE. Although previous studies have suggested that cerebral ∆oxyHb tends to increase with rated perceived exertion, the relatively smaller ∆oxyHb change observed during Form C might be interpreted as reflecting greater cognitive effort and motor control demands in beginners. The modest ∆oxyHb response during the radio exercise might be related to higher motor familiarity and reduced cognitive requirements. Overall, these observations may imply that Karate practice is capable of engaging frontal brain regions in beginners, and that the degree of activation might be influenced by cognitive effort, motor control load, and familiarity with the movements.

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Article Agriculture Food Sciences Information Sciences Psychology Psychology and Education

Why do you recall that smelly food? Effects of childhood residence region and potential reinforcing effect of marriage

by Yoshinori Miyamura - June 8, 2025

Little is known about why smelly foods have been maintained for long periods of time despite their unpleasant smell. Previous research suggests that regional background and family environment during upbringing influence food selection. Based on those findings, we hypothesized that living in a region where traditional smelly foods are produced and consumed during one's childhood would enhance the recall of such foods in adulthood. Additionally, we proposed that this childhood experience would positively influence the effect of marriage on an individual’s recall of smelly foods. We selected *kusaya* as the chosen smelly food and examined how, as the main effect, living in the Kanto region of Japan until the age of 20 impacts an individual’s *kusaya* recall. Furthermore, we explored the moderating effect of this upbringing on *kusaya* recall and marital status by sequentially inputting variables into a logistic regression model. Both effects were confirmed. This study contributes to the understanding of how characteristic smelly foods can be preserved by clarifying the factors that enhance their recall, using *kusaya* as an example.

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Article Education Psychology and Education

Exploring Undergraduate Students’ Transformative Learning Experiences through an eHealth Literacy Workshop in Japan

by Takafumi Tomura - October 7, 2025

The purpose of this study was to explore Japanese undergraduate students’ transformative learning experiences during an eHealth literacy workshop. Grounded in transformative learning theory, the study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using an explanatory case study design. Six undergraduate students who participated in the workshop completed a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method, resulting in three major themes: (Theme I) learning about searching strategies to identify problematic assumptions, (Theme II) task-oriented learning to develop evaluation skills, and (Theme III) necessity of learning eHealth literacy for students who live alone. The findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing eHealth literacy in Japanese universities to prevent students from engaging in risky health information practices. Therefore, we hope the findings will contribute to the development of both formal and informal eHealth literacy education in Japanese universities, enhancing students’ capacity to become effective and responsible seekers of online health information.

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Article Architecture Biology Engineering in General General Medicine Life Sciences and Basic Medicine Social Medicine

Accuracy of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) at rest determined by a smart ring: A Study in Controlled Hypoxic Environments

by Yohei Takai - June 15, 2025

Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) measured by small wearable devices has garnered significant attention as a tool for detecting vital signs in acute and chronic diseases. However, the accuracy of such devices, particularly smart rings measuring SpO₂ at the finger base, remains underexplored. This study aimed to validate the accuracy of SpO₂ measurements obtained from a smart ring by comparing them with a clinical pulse oximeter in a controlled hypoxic environment. A total of 10 active males and females lay in the supine position at rest in a hypoxic environment, where oxygen saturation was maintained between 80% and 100% (normoxic levels). The participants wore a smart ring with photoplethysmography at the base of the second and third fingers of the dominant hand and a clinical pulse oximeter on their fingertips. To validate the accuracy of SpO₂ measured by a smart ring, leave-one-out cross-validation was performed, comparing root-mean-square error (RMSE) for 6793 data samples. The mean SpO₂ was 88.3 ± 7.2% for the smart ring and 88.3 ± 8.0% for the clinical-grade pulse oximeter, with a RMSE of 3.55%. These findings suggest that the smart ring provides reasonably accurate SpO₂ readings at rest, supporting its potential utility for health monitoring.

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